Film Studies
Cinematography
Framing
| EXTREME LONG SHOT (ELS) — a shot of a character's full figure at a great distance, including a panoramic view of the surroundings |
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| LONG SHOT (LS) — a shot that includes a character's full figure as well as his or her surroundings |  |
| MEDIUM SHOT (MS) — a shot that captures a figure from the waist up |  |
| CLOSE-UP (CU) — a shot filled primarily by the subject's face, including little to no background |  |
| EXTREME CLOSE-UP (ECU) — a shot filled entirely by a small part of the subject's body |  |
Camera Angle
| HIGH ANGLE — the camera looks down at the subject |  |
| LOW ANGLE — the camera looks up at the subject |  |
| CANTED ANGLE — a shot in which the framing is tipped, or no longer horizontal |  |
Mobile Framing
| PAN — the camera scans horizontally from a fixed axis point | |
| TILT — the camera scans vertically from a fixed axis point | |
| TRACK — the camera follows the action, travelling along a parallel path to capture the movement |
Lenses & Focus
| LONG LENS (telephoto lens) — a long focal length lens used to capture subjects at a distance. This lens foreshortens the distance between background and foreground. |  |
| WIDE LENS — a short focal length lens that emphasizes the distance between foreground and background |  |
| DEEP FOCUS — objects in the background and foreground are equally in focus |  |
| SHALLOW FOCUS — only objects in one plane are in focus, while others are out of focus |  |
| RACK FOCUS — focus shifts from one plane to another within a shot | |
| ZOOM — changes focal length to create motion towards or away from the subject |
Process Shots
| SUPERIMPOSITION — images are overlaid within the frame | |
| DIGITAL ANIMATION — images created or modified by computer software | |
| TITLE CARDS — text from outside the world of the narrative appearing on screen to supply information to the audience |